How do chains resolve

Other atoms are colored differently and are labeled. Characterize the configuration of the molecule by selecting one of the three terms listed below. A response to your answer will be presented by clicking the Check Answer button. A sequence assignment will be shown above. Configurational drawings of chiral molecules sometimes display structures in a way that does not permit an easy application of the viewing rule.

In the example of carvone, shown above, the initial formula directed the lowest priority substituent H toward the viewer, requiring either a reorientation display or a very good sense of three-dimensional structure on the part of the reader. The Fischer projection formulas, described later , are another example of displays that challenge even experienced students. A useful mnemonic, suggested by Professor Michael Rathke, is illustrated below.

Once one recognizes this relationship, the viewing options are increased and a configurational assignment is more easily achieved. For an example, click on the diagram to see the face, shaded light gray.

Two or More Chiral Centers. The Chinese shrub Ma Huang Ephedra vulgaris contains two physiologically active compounds ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. Both compounds are stereoisomers of 2-methylaminophenylpropanol, and both are optically active, one being levorotatory and the other dextrorotatory.

Since the properties of these compounds see below are significantly different, they cannot be enantiomers. How, then, are we to classify these isomers and others like them? Ephedrine from Ma Huang: m. Since these two compounds are optically active, each must have an enantiomer. Although these missing stereoisomers were not present in the natural source, they have been prepared synthetically and have the expected identical physical properties and opposite-sign specific rotations with those listed above.

Each may assume an R or S configuration, so there are four stereoisomeric combinations possible. These are shown in the following illustration, together with the assignments that have been made on the basis of chemical interconversions. As a general rule, a structure having n chiral centers will have 2 n possible combinations of these centers. Depending on the overall symmetry of the molecular structure, some of these combinations may be identical, but in the absence of such identity, we would expect to find 2 n stereoisomers.

Some of these stereoisomers will have enantiomeric relationships, but enantiomers come in pairs, and non-enantiomeric stereoisomers will therefore be common. We refer to such stereoisomers as diastereomers. In the example above, either of the ephedrine enantiomers has a diastereomeric relationship with either of the pseudoephedrine enantiomers.

For an interesting example illustrating the distinction between a chiral center and an asymmetric carbon Click Here. The configurations of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine enantiomers may be examined as interactive models by. Stereogenic Nitrogen Atoms. A close examination of the ephedrine and pseudoephedrine isomers suggests that another stereogenic center, the nitrogen, is present.

As noted earlier, single-bonded nitrogen is pyramidal in shape, with the non-bonding electron pair pointing to the unoccupied corner of a tetrahedral region. Since the nitrogen in these compounds is bonded to three different groups, its configuration is chiral. The non-identical mirror-image configurations are illustrated in the following diagram the remainder of the molecule is represented by R, and the electron pair is colored yellow.

If these configurations were stable, there would be four additional stereoisomers of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. However, pyramidal nitrogen is normally not configurationally stable. It rapidly inverts its configuration equilibrium arrows by passing through a planar, sp 2 -hybridized transition state, leading to a mixture of interconverting R and S configurations.

If the nitrogen atom were the only chiral center in the molecule, a racemic mixture of R and S configurations would exist at equilibrium.

If other chiral centers are present, as in the ephedrin isomers, a mixture of diastereomers will result. In any event, nitrogen groups such as this, if present in a compound, do not contribute to isolable stereoisomers. The inversion of pyramidal nitrogen in ammonia may be examined by. Fischer Projection Formulas. The problem of drawing three-dimensional configurations on a two-dimensional surface, such as a piece of paper, has been a long-standing concern of chemists.

The wedge and hatched line notations we have been using are effective, but can be troublesome when applied to compounds having many chiral centers. As part of his Nobel Prize-winning research on carbohydrates, the great German chemist Emil Fischer , devised a simple notation that is still widely used.

In a Fischer projection drawing, the four bonds to a chiral carbon make a cross with the carbon atom at the intersection of the horizontal and vertical lines. The two horizontal bonds are directed toward the viewer forward of the stereogenic carbon. The two vertical bonds are directed behind the central carbon away from the viewer. Since this is not the usual way in which we have viewed such structures, the following diagram shows how a stereogenic carbon positioned in the common two-bonds-in-a-plane orientation x—C—y define the reference plane is rotated into the Fischer projection orientation the far right formula.

When writing Fischer projection formulas it is important to remember these conventions. A model of the preceding diagram may be examined by. Using the Fischer projection notation, the stereoisomers of 2-methylaminophenylpropanol are drawn in the following manner. Note that it is customary to set the longest carbon chain as the vertical bond assembly.

The usefulness of this notation to Fischer, in his carbohydrate studies, is evident in the following diagram. There are eight stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanal, a group of compounds referred to as the aldopentoses. Since there are three chiral centers in this constitution, we should expect a maximum of 2 3 stereoisomers.

These eight stereoisomers consist of four sets of enantiomers. If the configuration at C-4 is kept constant R in the examples shown here , the four stereoisomers that result will be diastereomers.

Fischer formulas for these isomers, which Fischer designated as the "D"-family, are shown in the diagram. Each of these compounds has an enantiomer, which is a member of the "L"-family so, as expected, there are eight stereoisomers in all. Determining whether a chiral carbon is R or S may seem difficult when using Fischer projections, but it is actually quite simple. If the lowest priority group often a hydrogen is on a vertical bond, the configuration is given directly from the relative positions of the three higher-ranked substituents.

If the lowest priority group is on a horizontal bond, the positions of the remaining groups give the wrong answer you are in looking at the configuration from the wrong side , so you simply reverse it.

The aldopentose structures drawn above are all diastereomers. A more selective term, epimer , is used to designate diastereomers that differ in configuration at only one chiral center. Thus, ribose and arabinose are epimers at C-2, and arabinose and lyxose are epimers at C However, arabinose and xylose are not epimers, since their configurations differ at both C-2 and C Meso Compounds.

The chiral centers in the preceding examples have all been different, one from another. In the case of 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid, known as tartaric acid, the two chiral centers have the same four substituents and are equivalent.

As a result, two of the four possible stereoisomers of this compound are identical due to a plane of symmetry, so there are only three stereoisomeric tartaric acids. Two of these stereoisomers are enantiomers and the third is an achiral diastereomer, called a meso compound. Meso compounds are achiral optically inactive diastereomers of chiral stereoisomers. Investigations of isomeric tartaric acid salts, carried out by Louis Pasteur in the mid 19th century, were instrumental in elucidating some of the subtleties of stereochemistry.

Some physical properties of the isomers of tartaric acid are given in the following table. Fischer projection formulas provide a helpful view of the configurational relationships within the structures of these isomers. In the following illustration a mirror line is drawn between formulas that have a mirror-image relationship.

Spell Speed 1 effects cannot be activated as a Chain Link 2 or higher, except for Trigger and Trigger-like effects if they triggered simultaneously ; in this case, they must be placed on the Chain first before either player has the opportunity to activate fast effects.

New Chain Links are activated in response to both the most recent activation the immediately previous Chain Link and the event which Chain Link 1 is responding to. After placing all Spell Speed 1 effects on the Chain, or after any fast effect activation, the player who did not add the last current Chain Link on the Chain has the right add a new one or pass to their opponent. If their opponent then declines to add to the Chain, the Chain is now complete.

Cards and effects cannot be resolved until the Chain is complete. Once both players have decided not to add to the Chain, the Chain is completed. At this time, the Chain is resolved, starting with the card or effect which was activated most recently the highest Chain Link.

Each card in the Chain is then resolved until Chain Link 1 resolves. Cards and effects cannot be activated while the Chain is resolving. Once the entire Chain resolves, if any of the following cards have not yet been moved to another location, they will be sent to the Graveyard.

This is considered to happen simultaneously with the last part of the resolution of the effect of the last Chain Link that resolved. The Chain is resolved in reverse activation order, starting with the last card that was activated. Wiki Explore. You'll run out of cards in your hand eventually A good question: If a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?

For our given article, an even better question: If you activate Solemn Strike and someone negates the activation with the Counter Counter Trap, do you still pay life points? The answer to the second question is always yes. Cost is something that must be paid for you to activate a card, so even if the activation or effect is negated, you still have to pay the cost. The following table lists common phrases used for cards with costs and cards without costs that appear like they do.

Both players discard their hands and draw five cards from the deck The "and" conjoining the statements indicates the 1st is not a cost. Return 1 faceup monster you control to the hand to The last "to" before the effect. Try targeting a Kozmo Dark Destroyer, and your opponent will hump his shoulders then begin badly humming Duel of The Fates.

This is why understanding what effects target is important. In the current game, many monsters exist that cannot be targeted by card effects, rendering them immune to any effect that targets. Just as in determining what is a cost, the key lies in the phrasing of the text. Just to make you scratch a spot in your cranium, a myriad of phrases exists to determine cards not targeting.

To understand the greater intricacies of the Damage Step for when, you know, those times you'll go snorkeling with those rule sharks click here. Damage Calculation, the part of the battle phase when damage is determined by opposing monsters clashing, but before their destruction, is an aspect of the game only a few cards influence. Usually, if a card can be activated during damage calculation, it will say it can, like with Honest.

Unfortunately, not all cards indicate whether it can be activated during damage calculation. Cards that can be activated during the damage calculation either:. So letz say an effect states that if your oponent controls exactly three cards: does that affect the field and the hand or does it affect just the hand or just the field. Hello and thank you for the useful post, that's true, we played a lot in the past without knowing any of these rules!

I have a question though. I guess this is NOT a destruction it's like a tribute which also "sent to the graveyard"? I think for example about Karakuri ninja MDL who "send" and not "destroy".

Oh wait, do we have "destroy AND send to the graveyard"? Yes, and even has a trigger effect : Geartown. So if you destroy it and ban it it won't trigger, if you send it without destroying it won't to, you have to destroy it first and make sure it is sent to the graveyard to trigger the effect?

Am I right? It's all about wording after all I mean, that's like saying a computer can do multiple things at once, when it technically does only one thing at a time, but switches between those tasks so fast, it appears they're doing two things at once. It's safer to assume they're not happening at the same time initially, for logic's sake, to prevent confusion when deciding what part of the eff can go off if part of it is stopped.

And, Mithory: This perfectly leads into my answer for you: Because a judge said so. That's why it's important to speak to a judge or a more experienced party more like a more experienced tribunal when you're confused about a ruling. Back in my day, the biggest culprit was Spear Cretin vs Colossal Fighter.

They both resolve in the Graveyard, yet Spear Cretin can't target itself to bring itself back, but Colossal Fighter can. Because a judge said so, and Spear Cretin would have been almost immortal Before destruction monster effs were vogue back then. That guy: No, the effects of BTH don't happen simultaneously, because the statement in the text is conditional. If you destroy the monster, THEN you banish it.

For the effect to completely resolve, it needs to be checked if the monster was "destroyed," and then if it was, it goes straight to the Banish Zone. If not, it stays on the field. Now if the effect said something like: "Destroy and banish that monster," that would different, making them both happen at the same time. You can tell by the way Bottomless is worded it's an older card, but hope I answered your question! Nowadays, most cards skip the middleman and just either destroy or banish stuff.

VShuffler Under most circumstances, the answer to your question is no. Most card effects dealing with negation negate a target's effect while it's face-up on the field. Also, when the monster is destroyed, upon its revival it's considered a "new" monster, not the same one who's effect was negated.

The card doing the negation would have to say it negates the effects of all cards with that name for you to be unable to use its effect again, something like Called by the Grave. You're right about the Tribute thing too.

You can't chain to a cost. An effect goes as follows: Activation - Cost - Resolution. Hope I answered your questions! S: Liesalot! That's a good one, but he "might" not be lying to you, just ignorant on how the ruling works. I tell him can't activate one after another because of Priority, that I get chance to activate Stardust's effect.

I do so moving stardust to the GY and he tells me to stop and say I can't put stardust there yet since gets Priority and activates his Raigeki break and targets Stardust say this will destroy him since I already used his effect this turn. I tell him he is wrong because stardust tribute is cost and must be paid, then he tells me it cost to be paid and remains on the field until his effect resolves.

Even though I am not new to the game in the slightest, I don't think I ever got the hang of the official rules. So let's say a monster's effect is negated. Then that monster is destroyed and then revived back onto the field.